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<h2><font color="#008000">Advanced Formatting Options</font></h2>

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<h3>Advanced Formatting Options</h3>

For finer control when formatting disks hold down the <span style="border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px;">SHIFT</span> key and <b>Right-Click</b> on the drive <img src="img/tb-drv1.png" /> toolbar button.
<br>
<br>Alternatively, press <span style="border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px">SHIFT</span>-<span style="border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px;">CTRL</span>-<span style="border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px;">F3</span> for drive one, or <span style="border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px">SHIFT</span>-<span style="border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px;">CTRL</span>-<span style="border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px;">F4</span> for drive two for the drive pop-up menu.<br>
<br><img src="img/drive_popup_menu_advanced.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1"/>

<h3>Terminology</h3>

Some quick terminology to help explain the difference between Bootable Disks, Data Disks, File Systems, and Disk Operating Systems:
<ul>
  <li>An <i>Operating System</i> is a program (or collection of programs) that manages resources of the computer.</li>
  <li>A <i>File System</i> is the organized structure of data on a disk.  It lets you name and store files on the disk.</li>
  <li>A <i>Disk Operating System</i> (ProDOS, DOS 3.3, etc.) is a bootable disk that loads an Operating System into memory and lets you access storage media such as a floppy or hard drive.  It lets you choose which application(s) to run, or files to load, save, or even view.</li>
  <li>An <i>unformatted</i> disk is a disk image with a file size of zero and/or random bytes.</li>
  <li>A disk formatted <b>without</b> a File Sysystem (or Operating System (ProDOS, DOS 3.3, Pascal, etc.) on it may be called a <i>blank</i> or <i>empty</i> disk. (It <i>may</i> or <i>may not</i> be bootable.)</li>
  <li>A disk formatted <b>with</b> a File System <b>but no</b> Operating System is called a <i>data</i> disk. Confusingly, it may also be called <i>blank</i>.</li>
  <li>A disk formatted <b>with</b> a File System <b>and an</b> Operating System is called a <i>system</i> disk.</li>
</ul>
</p>

<p>This table may help:</p>

<table style="border:1px solid black;" cellpadding="4px">
  <tr><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">Formatted?</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">Bootable?</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">File System?</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">Has an OS?</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">Name       </th></tr>
  <tr><td>no        </td><td>     n/a</td><td>        n/a</td><td>     n/a</td><td>Unformatted</td></tr>
  <tr><td>yes       </td><td>   maybe</td><td>         no</td><td>      no</td><td>Blank      </td></tr>
  <tr><td>yes       </td><td>   maybe</td><td>        yes</td><td>      no</td><td>Data       </td></tr>
  <tr><td>yes       </td><td>     yes</td><td>        yes</td><td>     yes</td><td>System     </td></tr>
</table>

<hr size="4">

<h3>New blank image...</h3>

<p>When you use AppleWin's <strong>New blank disk image...</strong> to create a new blank disk it will be <i>bootable</i> since AppleWin provides a custom 256 byte boot sector.</p>
<br><img src="img/disk_boot_data_disk.png" style="width: 50%; height: auto;" border="1" />

<p>To make a disk usable under AppleWin you will need to format it -- either with AppleWin or some other third party utility (see below for a list and their respective manual) -- which puts a File System on it, and optionally an Operating System on it.</p>

<h4>HOWTO: (Re-)Format an Existing Disk Image as a Data Disk</h4>

<ol>
  <li>Make sure your disk image is <i>not</i> mounted in the disk drive.&nbsp; If it is then right-click on the drive button and select <strong>Eject.</strong>
<br>
<img src="img/disk_eject.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" /></li>

  <li>Hold down the <span style="border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px;">SHIFT</span> key and <b>Right-Click</b> on the drive <img src="img/tb-drv1.png" /> toolbar button then select either:
    <ul>
      <li><strong>Format ProDOS disk image...</strong>
        <br><img src="img/disk_format_prodos_data.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" />
        <br><br>or<br><br></li>
      <li><strong>Format DOS 3.3 disk image...</strong>
        <br><img src="img/disk_format_dos33_data.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" />
      </li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>You will see a warning depending on which OS you picked that ALL data will be lost:<br>
    <ul>
      <li>DOS 3.3<br>
        <img src="img/disk_format_dos33_warning.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" />
        <br><br>or<br><br></li>
      <li>ProDOS</br>
        <img src="img/disk_format_prodos_warning.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" />
      </li>
    </ul>
  </li>
  <li>Select an existing disk image to over-write then click <b>Open</b>.<br>
    <br><img src="img/disk_format_select_existing_disk.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" />
  </li>
  <li>You can then mount this disk and save/copy files to it.</li>
</ol>

<hr size="4">

<h3>HOWTO: Put an Operating System on new disk:</h3>

 <p>When you make a <strong>New disk image</strong> AppleWin puts a boot sector on it.  You can customize the boot sector -- this can actually be any binary file, even an a bootable disk image!</p>

<p>Normally to put an Disk Operating System on it you would either need to a disk utility such as Copy ][+, CiderPress -- but we can take advantage of the custom boot sector and AppleWin's <strong>Select boot sector file...</strong> option to <i>simultaneously</i> place both a File System and Operating System on it.</p>

<h4>To put DOS 3.3 on a blank disk:</h4>

<ol>
  <li>Make sure your disk it <i>not</i> mounted in the disk drive.&nbsp; If it is, right-click on the drive button and select <strong>Eject.</strong>
  <br>
  <img src="img/disk_eject.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" />
  </li>

  <li>Hold down the <span style="border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px;">SHIFT</span> key and <b>Right-Click</b> on the drive <img src="img/tb-drv1.png" /> toolbar button then click on <strong>Select boot sector file...</strong></li>
  <br><img src="img/disk_select_boot_sector.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" />
  </li>

  <li>AppleWin will show the currect boot sector.  By default it will use one built into AppleWin.
  <br>
  <img src="img/disk_default_boot_sector.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" />
  </li>

  <li>Select <strong>Yes</strong> then select a bootable DOS 3.3 disk such as <strong>DOS 3.3 System Master - 680-0210-A (1982).DSK</strong>
  <br>
  <img src="img/disk_select_bootsector_dos.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1"/>
  </li>

  <li>Right-click on the drive button and select <strong>New blank 5.25" disk image...</strong>
  <br>
  <img src="img/disk_new_140kb_disk.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" />
  <p><b>NOTE:</b> For DOS 3.3 you MUST select a 5.25" disk since Apple DOS 3.3 does NOT suppport 3.5" or hard drives.</p>
  </li>

  <li>Type in a name for your disk. It MUST end in <span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">.DSK</span> or <span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">.DO</span>.</li>

  <li>You can now mount and boot your new disk image.</li>

</ol>

<h4>To put ProDOS on a blank disk:</h4>

<ol>
  <li>Make sure your disk it <i>not</i> mounted in the disk drive.&nbsp; If it is, right-click on the drive button and select <strong>Eject.</strong>
  <br>
  <img src="img/disk_eject.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" /></li>

  <li>Hold down the <span style="border: 1px solid black; border-radius: 3px; padding: 2px;">SHIFT</span> key and <b>Right-Click</b> on the drive <img src="img/tb-drv1.png" /> toolbar button then click on <strong>Select boot sector file...</strong>
  <br>
  <img src="img/disk_select_boot_sector.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" />
  </li>

  <li>AppleWin will show the currect boot sector.  By default it will use one built into AppleWin.
  <br>
  <img src="img/disk_default_boot_sector.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" />
  </li>

  <li>Select a bootable ProDOS disk such as <strong>ProDOS_2_4_3.po</strong>
  <br>
  <img src="img/disk_select_bootsector_prodos.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" /></li>

  <li>Right-click on the drive button and select <strong>New blank disk image...</strong>.
  <br>
  <img src="img/disk_new_140kb_disk.png" style="width: 33%; height: auto;" border="1" />
  <br>
  <p><b>NOTE:</b> For ProDOS you can select <i>any</i> of the New blank disk sizes (140 KB, 800 KB, 32 MB) since they are all supported by ProDOS.</p></li>

  <li>Type in a name for your disk. It MUST end in <span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">.PO</span> or <span style="font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">.HDV</span>.</li>

  <li>You can now mount and boot your new disk image.</li>
</ol>

<hr size="4">

<h3>Sizes of new blank disk images</h3>

Here is table showing the disk sizes of the various <strong>New blank disk image...</strong>
<br>
<br><table style="border:1px solid black;" cellpadding="4px">
  <tr><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">Option</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">Disk Size (KB)</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">Disk Size (Bytes)</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">Tracks</th></tr>
  <tr><td>New blank 5.25" (140 KB) disk image... (Standard 35 Track)</td><td style="text-align:right;">140 KB</td><td style="text-align:right;">   143,360 bytes</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 35</td></tr>
  <tr><td>New blank 5.25" (160 KB) disk image... (Extended 40 Track)</td><td style="text-align:right;">160 KB</td><td style="text-align:right;">   163,840 bytes</td><td style="text-align:right;"> 40</td></tr>
  <tr><td>New blank 3.5"  (800 KB) disk image...                    </td><td style="text-align:right;">800 KB</td><td style="text-align:right;">   819,200 bytes</td><td style="text-align:right;">200</td></tr>
  <tr><td>New blank hard (32 MB) disk image...                      </td><td style="text-align:right;"> 32 MB</td><td style="text-align:right;">33,554,432 bytes</td><td style="text-align:right;">8,192</td></tr>
</table>

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<h3>More Disk Utilities</h3>

There are various third-party utilities to create and modify disk images.  Three popular ones are:

<ul>
  <li><a href="https://ciderpress2.com/">CiderPress 2</a> (newer)</li>

  <li><a href="https://a2ciderpress.com/">CiderPress</a> (older)</li>

  <li>Copy ][+.  <b>NOTE:</b> Version 5.0 introduced ProDOS support but if you are modifying ProDOS disks you will want to use one of the latter versions (such as 8.x or later) since earlier verions have various ProDOS bugs in them dealing with the amount of files in a directory.</li>
</ul>

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